mysql查詢每小時數(shù)據(jù)和上小時數(shù)據(jù)的差值實現(xiàn)思路詳解
一、前言
需求是獲取某個時間范圍內(nèi)每小時數(shù)據(jù)和上小時數(shù)據(jù)的差值以及比率。本來以為會是一個很簡單的sql,結(jié)果思考兩分鐘發(fā)現(xiàn)并不簡單,網(wǎng)上也沒找到參考的方案,那就只能自己慢慢分析了。
剛開始沒思路,就去問DBA同學(xué),結(jié)果DBA說他不會,讓我寫php腳本去計算,,這就有點過分了,我只是想臨時查個數(shù)據(jù),就不信直接用sql查不出來,行叭,咱們邊走邊試。
博主這里用的是笨方法實現(xiàn)的,各位大佬要是有更簡單的方式,請不吝賜教,評論區(qū)等你!
mysql版本:
mysql> select version();+---------------------+| version() |+---------------------+| 10.0.22-MariaDB-log |+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
二、查詢每個小時和上小時的差值
1、拆分需求
這里先分開查詢下,看看數(shù)據(jù)都是多少,方便后續(xù)的組合。
(1)獲取每小時的數(shù)據(jù)量
這里為了方便展示,直接合并了下,只顯示01-12時的數(shù)據(jù),并不是bug。。
select count(*) as nums,date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-04-19 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days;+-------+---------------+| nums | days |+-------+---------------+| 15442 | 2020-04-19 01 || 15230 | 2020-04-19 02 || 14654 | 2020-04-19 03 || 14933 | 2020-04-19 04 || 14768 | 2020-04-19 05 || 15390 | 2020-04-19 06 || 15611 | 2020-04-19 07 || 15659 | 2020-04-19 08 || 15398 | 2020-04-19 09 || 15207 | 2020-04-19 10 || 14860 | 2020-04-19 11 || 15114 | 2020-04-19 12 |+-------+---------------+
(2)獲取上小時的數(shù)據(jù)量
select count(*) as nums1,date_format(date_sub(date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’),interval -1 hour),’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-04-19 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days;+-------+---------------+| nums1 | days |+-------+---------------+| 15114 | 2020-04-19 01 || 15442 | 2020-04-19 02 || 15230 | 2020-04-19 03 || 14654 | 2020-04-19 04 || 14933 | 2020-04-19 05 || 14768 | 2020-04-19 06 || 15390 | 2020-04-19 07 || 15611 | 2020-04-19 08 || 15659 | 2020-04-19 09 || 15398 | 2020-04-19 10 || 15207 | 2020-04-19 11 || 14860 | 2020-04-19 12 |+-------+---------------+
注意:
1)獲取上小時數(shù)據(jù)用的是date_sub()函數(shù),date_sub(日期,interval -1 hour)代表獲取日期參數(shù)的上個小時,具體參考手冊:https://www.w3school.com.cn/sql/func_date_sub.asp2)這里最外層嵌套了個date_format是為了保持格式和上面的一致,如果不加這個date_format的話,查詢出來的日期格式是:2020-04-19 04:00:00的,不方便對比。
2、把這兩份數(shù)據(jù)放到一起看看
select nums ,nums1,days,days1 from (select count(*) as nums,date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-04-19 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days) as m,(select count(*) as nums1,date_format(date_sub(date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’),interval -1 hour),’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days1 from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-04-19 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days1) as n;+-------+-------+---------------+---------------+| nums | nums1 | days | days1 |+-------+-------+---------------+---------------+| 15442 | 15114 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 01 || 15442 | 15442 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 02 || 15442 | 15230 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 03 || 15442 | 14654 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 04 || 15442 | 14933 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 05 || 15442 | 14768 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 06 || 15442 | 15390 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 07 || 15442 | 15611 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 08 || 15442 | 15659 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 09 || 15442 | 15398 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 10 || 15442 | 15207 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 11 || 15442 | 14860 | 2020-04-19 01 | 2020-04-19 12 || 15230 | 15114 | 2020-04-19 02 | 2020-04-19 01 || 15230 | 15442 | 2020-04-19 02 | 2020-04-19 02 || 15230 | 15230 | 2020-04-19 02 | 2020-04-19 03 |
可以看到這樣組合到一起是類似于程序中的嵌套循環(huán)效果,相當(dāng)于nums是外層循環(huán),nums1是內(nèi)存循環(huán)。循環(huán)的時候先用nums的值,匹配所有nums1的值。類似于php程序中的:
foreach($arr as $k=>$v){ foreach($arr1 as $k1=>$v1){ }}
既然如此,那我們是否可以像平時寫程序的那樣,找到兩個循環(huán)數(shù)組的相同值,然后進(jìn)行求差值呢?很明顯這里的日期是完全一致的,可以作為對比的條件。
3、使用case …when 計算差值
select (case when days = days1 then (nums - nums1) else 0 end) as difffrom (select count(*) as nums,date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-04-19 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days) as m,(select count(*) as nums1,date_format(date_sub(date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’),interval -1 hour),’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days1 from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-04-19 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days1) as n;效果:+------+| diff |+------+| 328 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || -212 || 0 || 0
可以看到這里使用case..when實現(xiàn)了當(dāng)兩個日期相等的時候,就計算差值,近似于php程序的:
foreach($arr as $k=>$v){ foreach($arr1 as $k1=>$v1){ if($k == $k1){ //求差值 } }}
結(jié)果看到有大量的0,也有一部分計算出的結(jié)果,不過如果排除掉這些0的話,看起來好像有戲的。
4、過濾掉結(jié)果為0 的部分,對比最終數(shù)據(jù)
這里用having來對查詢的結(jié)果進(jìn)行過濾。having子句可以讓我們篩選成組后的各組數(shù)據(jù),雖然我們的sql在最后面沒有進(jìn)行g(shù)roup by,不過兩個子查詢里面都有g(shù)roup by了,理論上來講用having來篩選數(shù)據(jù)是再合適不過了,試一試
select (case when days = days1 then (nums1 - nums) else 0 end) as difffrom (select count(*) as nums,date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-04-19 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days) as m,(select count(*) as nums1,date_format(date_sub(date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’),interval -1 hour),’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days1 from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-04-19 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days1) as n having diff <>0;結(jié)果:+------+| diff |+------+| -328 || 212 || 576 || -279 || 165 || -622 || -221 || -48 || 261 || 191 || 347 || -254 |+------+
這里看到計算出了結(jié)果,那大概對比下吧,下面是手動列出來的部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù):
當(dāng)前小時和上個小時的差值: 當(dāng)前小時 -上個小時
本小時 上個小時 差值15442 15114 -32815230 15442 21214654 15230 57614933 14654 -27914768 14933 165
可以看到確實是成功獲取到了差值。如果要獲取差值的比率的話,直接case when days = days1 then (nums1 - nums)/nums1 else 0 end 即可。
5、獲取本小時和上小時數(shù)據(jù)的降幅,并展示各個降幅范圍的個數(shù)
在原來的case..when的基礎(chǔ)上引申一下,繼續(xù)增加條件劃分范圍,并且最后再按照降幅范圍進(jìn)行g(shù)roup by求和即可。這個sql比較麻煩點,大家有需要的話可以按需修改下,實際測試是可以用的。
select case when days = days1 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 < 0.1 then 0.1when days = days1 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 > 0.1 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 < 0.2 then 0.2when days = days1 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 > 0.2 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 < 0.3 then 0.3when days = days1 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 > 0.3 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 < 0.4 then 0.4when days = days1 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 > 0.4 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 < 0.5 then 0.5when days = days1 and (nums1 - nums)/nums1 > 0.5 then 0.6 else 0 end as diff,count(*) as diff_numsfrom (select count(*) as nums,date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-03-20 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days) as m,(select count(*) as nums1,date_format(date_sub(date_format(log_time,’%Y-%m-%d %h’),interval -1 hour),’%Y-%m-%d %h’) as days1 from test where 1 and log_time >=’2020-03-20 00:00:00’ and log_time <= ’2020-04-20 00:00:00’ group by days1) as n group by diff having diff >0;
結(jié)果:
+------+-----------+| diff | diff_nums |+------+-----------+| 0.1 | 360 || 0.2 |10 || 0.3 | 1 || 0.4 | 1 |+------+-----------+
三、總結(jié)
1、 sql其實和程序代碼差不多,拆分需求一步步組合,大部分需求都是可以實現(xiàn)的。一開始就慫了,那自然是寫不出的。2、 不過復(fù)雜的計算,一般是不建議用sql來寫,用程序?qū)憰?,sql越復(fù)雜,效率就會越低。3、 DBA同學(xué)有時候也不靠譜,還是要靠自己啊
補充介紹:MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫時間和實際時間差8個小時
url=jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/somedatabase?characterEncoding=utf-8&serverTimezone=GMT%2B8
數(shù)據(jù)庫配置后面加上&serverTimezone=GMT%2B8
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